by Todd Lebowitz

Sampling Bias? California’s New Freelancer Law Only Applies to “Professional Services”

This clever illustration of sampling bias is from @sketchplanator. Marketers, under California law, provide “professional services.” So do photographers, fine artists, travel agents, barbers, foresters, human resource administrators, and a grab bag of other miscellaneous service workers. But not construction workers, lawyers, electricians, nannies, or dog walkers.

Why does this matter?

Well, California’s new Freelancer Worker Protection Act (FWPA) (explained here) only applies to “professional services.” The term “professional services” is defined as having the same meaning as in AB5, the law that sets up the ABC Test and then adds a medley of exceptions. “Professional services” is one of the exceptions.

So what does that mean for companies retaining freelancers in California?

If they provide “professional services” (as defined in Labor Code 2778), then:

There’s an exception to the ABC Test, meaning that to determine whether they are truly independent contractors, you use the S.G. Borello test. That’s a multi-part balancing test.
If they pass the IC test, the FWPA potentially applies.
If they pass the IC test and provide at least $250 in services in any 120-day period, then the FWPA does apply. A written contract is required, along with several other requirements, explained here.

If you want the full list of “professional services,” scroll down. I’ve copied it here. Otherwise, you’ve successfully completed this post, and you will earn a gold star on your chart on my refrigerator. (Do parents still do that? Please let me know.)

Professional Services under Labor Code 2778:

(2) “Professional services” means services that meet any of the following:

(A) Marketing, provided that the contracted work is original and creative in character and the result of which depends primarily on the invention, imagination, or talent of the individual or work that is an essential part of or necessarily incident to any of the contracted work.

(B) Administrator of human resources, provided that the contracted work is predominantly intellectual and varied in character and is of such character that the output produced or the result accomplished cannot be standardized in relation to a given period of time.

(i) A person regulated by the Attorney General under Article 2.6 (commencing with Section 17550) of Chapter 1 of Part 3 of Division 7 of the Business and Professions Code.

(ii) An individual who is a seller of travel within the meaning of subdivision (a) of Section 17550.1 of the Business and Professions Code and who is exempt from the registration under subdivision (g) of Section 17550.20 of the Business and Professions Code.

(D) Graphic design.

(E) Grant writer.

(F) (i) Fine artist.

(ii) For the purposes of this subparagraph, “fine artist” means an individual who creates works of art to be appreciated primarily or solely for their imaginative, aesthetic, or intellectual content, including drawings, paintings, sculptures, mosaics, works of calligraphy, works of graphic art, crafts, or mixed media.

(G) Services provided by an enrolled agent who is licensed by the United States Department of the Treasury to practice before the Internal Revenue Service pursuant to Part 10 of Subtitle A of Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

(H) Payment processing agent through an independent sales organization.

(I) Services provided by any of the following:

(i) By a still photographer, photojournalist, videographer, or photo editor who works under a written contract that specifies the rate of pay and obligation to pay by a defined time, as long as the individual providing the services is not directly replacing an employee who performed the same work at the same volume for the hiring entity; the individual does not primarily perform the work at the hiring entity’s business location, notwithstanding paragraph (1) of subdivision (a); and the individual is not restricted from working for more than one hiring entity. This subclause is not applicable to a still photographer, photojournalist, videographer, or photo editor who works on motion pictures, which is inclusive of, but is not limited to, theatrical or commercial productions, broadcast news, television, and music videos. Nothing in this section restricts a still photographer, photojournalist, photo editor, or videographer from distributing, licensing, or selling their work product to another business, except as prohibited under copyright laws or workplace collective bargaining agreements.

(ii) To a digital content aggregator by a still photographer, photojournalist, videographer, or photo editor.

(iii) For the purposes of this subparagraph the following definitions apply:

(I) “Photo editor” means an individual who performs services ancillary to the creation of digital content, such as retouching, editing, and keywording.

(II) “Digital content aggregator” means a licensing intermediary that obtains a license or assignment of copyright from a still photographer, photojournalist, videographer, or photo editor for the purposes of distributing that copyright by way of sublicense or assignment, to the intermediary’s third-party end users.

(J) Services provided by a freelance writer, translator, editor, copy editor, illustrator, or newspaper cartoonist who works under a written contract that specifies the rate of pay, intellectual property rights, and obligation to pay by a defined time, as long as the individual providing the services is not directly replacing an employee who performed the same work at the same volume for the hiring entity; the individual does not primarily perform the work at the hiring entity’s business location, notwithstanding paragraph (1) of subdivision (a); and the individual is not restricted from working for more than one hiring entity.

(K) Services provided by an individual as a content contributor, advisor, producer, narrator, or cartographer for a journal, book, periodical, evaluation, other publication or educational, academic, or instructional work in any format or media, who works under a written contract that specifies the rate of pay, intellectual property rights and obligation to pay by a defined time, as long as the individual providing the services is not directly replacing an employee who performed the same work at the same volume for the hiring entity, the individual does not primarily perform the work at the hiring entity’s business location notwithstanding paragraph (1) of subdivision (a); and the individual is not restricted from working for more than one hiring entity.

(L) Services provided by a licensed esthetician, licensed electrologist, licensed manicurist, licensed barber, or licensed cosmetologist provided that the individual:

(i) Sets their own rates, processes their own payments, and is paid directly by clients.

(ii) Sets their own hours of work and has sole discretion to decide the number of clients and which clients for whom they will provide services.

(iii) Has their own book of business and schedules their own appointments.

(iv) Maintains their own business license for the services offered to clients.

(v) If the individual is performing services at the location of the hiring entity, then the individual issues a Form 1099 to the salon or business owner from which they rent their business space.

(vi) This subparagraph shall become inoperative, with respect to licensed manicurists, on January 1, 2025.

(M) A specialized performer hired by a performing arts company or organization to teach a master class for no more than one week. “Master class” means a specialized course for limited duration that is not regularly offered by the hiring entity and is taught by an expert in a recognized field of artistic endeavor who does not work for the hiring entity to teach on a regular basis.

(N) Services provided by an appraiser, as defined in Part 3 (commencing with Section 11300) of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code.

(O) Registered professional foresters licensed pursuant to Article 3 (commencing with Section 750) of Chapter 2.5 of Division 1 of the Public Resources Code.

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11.25.24

by Todd Lebowitz

A Car Crash? Trump’s Labor Secretary Pick Supports ABC Test for Worker Classification

Sometimes things don’t make sense when you read them. Like this: Here’s an adorable video of a dog getting hit by a car.

You need to dig deeper to make sense of it. If you watch the video, you’ll understand. The sentence is true, and the video is adorable.

Another thing that didn’t make sense to me when I first read it is that Trump’s pick for Secretary of Labor, Lori Chavez-DeRemer, was a co-sponsor of the PRO Act.

I had to dig deeper. Is that really true? It is.

Remember the PRO Act? It’s an acronym for Protecting the Right to Organize. It’s a Democrat-sponsored bill that threatens to blow up the gig economy and convert most independent contractors to employees.

The PRO Act would change the definition of “employee” under the NLRA so that all workers are presumed to be employees, not independent contractors, unless the strictest version of the ABC Test is met. That’s the same test as in California, but without all the exceptions.

In the 2023 version of the PRO Act, a worker is an employee under the NLRA unless (all 3):

(A) the individual is free from control and direction in connection with the performance of the service, both under the contract for the performance of service and in fact;

(B) the service is performed outside the usual course of the business of the employer; and

(C) the individual is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, profession, or business of the same nature as that involved in the service performed.

Yes, that’s the same dreaded Part B that makes California such a difficult place to maintain independent contractor relationships.

The PRO Act would also broaden the definition of joint employment under the NLRA.

Chavez-DeRemer was one of three Republicans to co-sponsor the bill.

The PRO Act will not get the 60 votes needed in the Senate, so it’s not going to pass anytime soon (so long as the filibuster rule remains intact). But this bill is so pro-union that her support should be of concern to any business that engage contractors.

Chavez DeRomer served only one term in Congress, so she did not build an extensive record. But her support of the PRO Act is a part of that limited record.

I expect we’ll learn more about her views during the confirmation process. Her support of the PRO Act is something to keep an eye on. Getting hit with the PRO Act (or some DOL-authorized version of it) would be far worse that the damage done by the car hitting the dog in the video, which you really should watch if you skipped over the link above.

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11.18.24

by Todd Lebowitz

Bad Moon Rising: Another State Cracks Down on Misclassification with $2.7M Due

I see the bad moon a-rising
I see trouble on the way
I see earthquakes and lightning
I see bad times today

When John Fogerty wrote “Bad Moon Rising,” he was reportedly inspired by the 1941 film The Devil and Daniel Webster. There’s a scene in the film where a hurricane destroys the crops of several farms, but spares those of a man who had made a deal with the devil in exchange for wealth.

When classifying independent contractors, a deal with the devil generally doesn’t work. If you misclassify your workers as contractors, when the law says they should be employees, trouble will eventually be on the way.

A printed media delivery company found that out the hard way, after being investigated by the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development (DLWD).

There was no civil lawsuit here. A state agency went after the company. Be wary of state agency audits. This one cost the company $2.7 million in a recent settlement.

Overview: The New Jersey Attorney General and the DLWD reached a $2.7 million settlement with Publishers Circulation Fulfillment, Inc. (PCF) for misclassifying delivery workers as independent contractors.
Findings: The investigation revealed that PCF exerted significant control over its delivery workers, who were largely immigrants working overnight for low wages. PCF failed to classify these workers as employees, violating New Jersey labor laws.
Settlement Details: The settlement totals $2.7 million, covering approximately 2,400 workers.
History of the Investigation: The investigation began in 2021, focusing on PCF’s compliance with state employment laws from 2019 to 2022. It was found that PCF made unlawful deductions from workers’ pay and failed to provide essential protections. In a separate 2022 settlement, PCF was required to pay nearly $2.7 million for failing to contribute to the state’s Unemployment Compensation and Disability Benefits Funds between 2015 and 2018.

When considering independent contractor relationships, companies often make the mistake of assuming that if both parties are satisfied with the arrangement, it will be ok. Not so.

State agencies are becoming more and more aggressive in enforcing misclassification on their own. States lose money from misclassification because employers contribute funds to state unemployment and workers’ compensation funds for employees, but not for contractors.

So make sure your workers are properly classified, and heed this warning from John Fogerty and the band:

Hope you got your things together
Hope you are quite prepared to die
Looks like we’re in for nasty weather
One eye is taken for an eye.

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11.11.24

by Todd Lebowitz

For Upcoming Changes to Independent Contractor Rules, Look to Band Names

The band America (“A Horse with No Name,” “Ventura Highway”) was formed in England. Yes, really. But by three Americans whose fathers were in the U.S. Air Force and stationed overseas.

That got me thinking about other bands with place names. When I was growing up in Miami in the 1980s, if someone mentioned Boston, I thought of just another band out of Boston, on the road to make ends meet. If someone mentioned Kansas, I thought of dust in the wind, even though I never particularly liked that song. Chicago made me think of the Cubs, but only in 1984. Otherwise, does anybody really know what time it is?

Not that I am older and have a life, place names mean something different to me. They now make me think of federal, state, and local laws affecting independent contractor status.

(Ok, I take back the comment about having a life. I realize this is a sad and pathetic way to think of place names.)

After the election, place names are going to take on greater importance as businesses aim to protect their independent contractor relationships. Federal enforcement activity isn’t going away, but I expect to see a growing emphasis on legislation and enforcement at the state and local level.

In the realm of non-employee workers (independent contractors, staffing agency temps), I expect to more state and local legislation in these areas:

1) Freelancer Laws. We now have freelancer laws in CA, NY, IL, Los Angeles, NYC, Minneapolis, Seattle, and Columbus. These laws impose requirements when retaining individuals who are independent contractors. The laws generally require written contracts that contain several mandatory components.

2) Temporary Worker Laws. We have these in NJ and IL. They generally require that staffing agencies pay their workers an equivalent wage rate (and sometimes the value of benefits) being paid to workers they work alongside at the company where they are providing services.

3) Misclassification Laws – the Bad Kind. In states with Democrat trifectas (house, senate, governor), expect new laws that make it harder to be an independent contractor. Expect more ABC Tests, like in CA and MA. Other states have ABC Tests for determining who is an employee under workers’ comp and unemployment law.

4) Misclassification Laws – the Good Kind. In states with Republican trifectas, expect more safe harbor laws. If you satisfy a set of basic requirements in your dealings with a non-employee worker, then the worker is an independent contractor under that state’s laws. Pesky balancing tests (and long-haired freaky people) need not apply. We have these state laws in WV and LA (not L.A.)

We will likely see changes at the federal level too, but these may take years to develop. The federal agency rulemaking process is slow and cumbersome, and agency rules will take on less importance as federal agency power continues to diminish after the Supreme Court’s Loper Bright decision.

I haven’t touched on Europe or Asia, but those are bands for another day and another post. When? At some point, in the heat of the moment, but only time will tell.

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10.28.24

by Todd Lebowitz

Hugs! 7-Eleven Franchisees Are Not Employees, Court Rules

Have you ever heard the expression, “I was so happy I could hug a goose”?

Me either. That’s because it’s not an expression. But no one told the sculptor here.

I took this photo while touring the gardens at a villa in Varenna, Italy. I am still haunted by the image. The goose seems none too pleased, but the boy is playing him like a guitar, no matter the feelings of the goose.

Franchise owners in Massachusetts are so happy that they could hug a goose after a recent Massachusetts Supreme Court ruling.

For years, there’s been ongoing litigation in which five 7-Eleven franchise owners sued 7-Eleven, claiming to be employees of the franchisor. The franchise industry has been closely monitoring the case because a ruling for the plaintiffs could threaten the franchise model.

The case has twice been before the Massachusetts Supreme Court. The first time, the Mss. S.Ct. ruled that individual franchise owners could, potentially, be deemed employees under the Massachusetts ABC Test if the individuals were “performing any services” for the franchisor. This ruling, in 2022, merely answered a hypothetical question, but the answer made franchisors nervous.

The litigation continued and made its way to the Mass. S.Ct. a second time. This time the issue was whether the individuals, by operating their stores as 7-Eleven franchises (and following 7-Eleven brand guidelines, etc.) were “performing any services” for the franchisor.

In a goose-hug-worthy decision, the Mass. S.Ct. ruled in late September that “the franchisees operate independent stores not for 7-Eleven
but rather for themselves.” Therefore, they are not performing services for the franchisor, and they cannot be deemed the franchisor’s employees.

This is great news for franchisors (and bad news for plaintiffs’ lawyers). Celebrate however you think is best, but please consider the feelings of the goose.

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10.21.24

by Todd Lebowitz

What Does It Mean? Supreme Court Weighs in on California’s Independent Contractor Law (Sort of)

I am entertained by poorly translated things. I have no idea what this shirt means or what the designer thought it would mean. I saw this one in Italy.

I can’t help but wonder what the reaction would be if I wore this shirt in the U.S. Would people say anything to me? I was tempted to ask the wearer about it or to try to buy it from her, but I chickened out.

Last week, the U.S. Supreme Court kind of chickened out too.

A petition had been filed with the Court, asking it to invalidate California’s AB5, its stringent independent contractor law. The petition argued that the law singles out certain businesses and therefore violates the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

As you may recall, AB5 is the California law that makes it much harder to maintain independent contractor status. The law presumes that most workers are employees and requires a hiring party to satisfy a three-part ABC Test to classify someone as a contractor.

The law, however, does not apply the same standards to everyone. The law exempts loads of industries and types of workers from the ABC Test, and — if we’re being honest here — the law was really targeted toward rideshare and delivery companies.

And that’s exactly what the rideshare and delivery companies argued.

In June 2024, the Ninth Circuit voted to preserve the law, and the case (called Olson v. State of California) was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, however, can decide which cases to hear and does not have to give a reason for declining to hear a case.

Last week, the Supreme Court declined the petition, opting not to hear the case. The Court provided no reason.

A year earlier, in July 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court denied a different petition asking it to review AB5. The earlier petition, in Mobilize the Message LLC v Bonta, argued that the law’s restrictions on freelance work violated the first Amendment.

For some companies, the Supreme Court’s decision last week not to hear the Olson case will have limited effect. The passage of Prop 22 in late 2020 exempted certain rideshare and delivery app companies from having to comply with AB5. (Prop 22 was also challenged in court and survived.) But AB5 and its ABC Test, later recodified in AB2257, remain in effect for many industries and businesses.

This most recent petition to the Supreme Court alleged that AB5 violated the Equal Protection Clause by unfairly singling out certain industries. I think the evidence is plain that this is what motivated the law, but whether that motivation rises to the level of an Equal Protection violation is another matter.

But no matter. The Supreme Court can decline to hear the appeal, and that’s exactly what it did.

AB5 remains on the books, and I can now start thinking about how I could turn all of this into a poorly translated t-shirt.

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10.14.24

by Todd Lebowitz

Blending In: California Passes Freelancer Protection Law, Joining Other Locales

Don’t tell anyone, but there is a motorcycle toward the front of this photo. I know, it blends right in and is hard to see because it’s camouflaged. But look carefully and you’ll see it.

I saw it recently while in Bellagio on our vacation to Italy. Yes, I have better photos, but this one helps me make a point about blending in.

The California legislature has decided to blend in too, adopting a freelancer protection bill that is similar to laws already in place in New York State, Illinois, and several cities.

California’s Freelance Worker Protection Act takes effect 1/1/2025.

The law has no bearing on the determination of whether someone is an employee or independent contractor. But if the worker is a contractor and other criteria are met, then the requirements of the law must be followed by the party retaining the independent contractor.

If you’ll be retaining a freelancer in California, here’s what you need to know. As a reward for reading to the end, I’ve included some tips and a better photo.

Applies if:

Retention of individual IC or single member entity,
Retained to provide “professional services” (as defined in Labor Code sec 2778), and
$250 in services to be provided within 120 days

But not applicable if:

The hiring party is an individual and the work is for the hiring party’s personal benefit or benefit of the family (e.g., n/a to babysitter, dog walker)

Requirements:

Written contact that includes:
- Name and address of each party
- Itemized list of services and value
- Rate and method of compensation
- Date when payment is due or mechanism for determining when payment is due
- Date when IC must submit invoice to allow for timely payment
Payment to IC is due on the date specified in contract or, if no date is specified, then 30 days after work is completed
Once work is completed, hiring party cannot require freelancer (a) to accept less in payment, (b) to provide more goods or services, or (c) to grant more IP rights than agreed to in the contract

Other provisions:

The law does not limit existing contract law or prevent an IC from enforcing a verbal contract or recovering under promissory estoppel
Waivers are void
Retaliation prohibited
Civil action permitted; recovery to include attorneys fees and costs
Damages:
- If IC requested and was denied a written contract, then additional $1000
- If hiring party failed to timely pay, then 2x unpaid portion
- Damages equal to value of contract for other violations
Hiring party must provide IC with a copy of the contract
Hiring party must retain contract for 4 years

Tips:

Clarify intellectual property rights in contract; don’t leave that until later or assume there is a handshake understanding of who will own the IP
Specify a due date for payment or a process for determining when payment is due
Define when the work is completed, and define it in a way that requires specifications to be met. This is to protect against poor workmanship and to try to preserve the right to pay less for a shoddy output.

And here’s a more representative photo from the Italy vacation. This is at Alpe di Suise in the Dolomites.

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10.07.24

by Todd Lebowitz

Don’t Look Surprised: House Committee Presses DOL for Detail on Misclassification Investigations

My impression of European electrical outlets is that they seem surprised, as if they don’t know what might be coming. I saw this one in our Airbnb in Lake Como.

Am I wrong? Didn’t think so.

The outlet should not be surprised at what’s coming. And DOL Acting Director Julie Su should not have been surprised either when she was issued a subpoena by the House Committee on Education and the Workforce.

The committee, chaired by Rep. Virginia Foxx (R-NC) has been at odds with the DOL for some time. In particular, Foxx et al. have doubts about the legitimacy of the Su-led DOL’s belief that independent contractor misclassification is rampant. The Committee believes that the DOL is being too aggressive in seeking to find misclassification in relationships that are, in reality, properly classified as independent contractor relationships.

In March, the Committee sent the DOL a series of inquiries about its enforcement efforts. But the DOL largely evaded the questions. After ongoing back and forth, the Committee has finally issued a subpoena to the DOL, demanding production of specific information about the DOL’s enforcement activities.

More specifically, the subpoena requests documents sufficient to show, since January 20, 2021:

The number of instances of misclassification that Wage and Hour Division (WHD) inspectors have found.
The number of misclassification enforcement investigations that WHD has initiated.
The number of misclassification enforcement investigations that WHD has jointly undertaken with the NLRB.
The number of misclassification enforcement investigations that WHD has jointly undertaken with the FTC.

Responses to the subpoena are due October 7th. I don’t expect we’ll see direct answers.

And when that happens, it will be no surprise.

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09.23.24

by Todd Lebowitz

Better Than Stealing a Car: Updates to Illinois Temp Worker Law Should Help Businesses Using Temp Labor

A Florida car thief may want to reconsider his career choice.

A Miami Beach man walked back to his Corvette after a Starbucks run, only to find a wannabe thief trapped inside. The thief became trapped inside because the car has electrical locks and no manual door handle. The car requires a key to unlock the doors.

The thief begged the car’s owner for help, but without success. The car’s owner videotaped the ridiculousness and called the police. That’s bad news for the thief.

Business owners in Illinois had much better news recently, when Gov. Pritzker signed amendments to the state’s temporary worker law. The law was last amended in 2023, when it created new burdens for businesses using staffing agency temp labor. (See here and here.)

The main problem business owners had with the 2023 amendment was that staffing agencies were required to pay temps “not less than the rate of pay and equivalent benefits” of comparable employees at the business where they were providing services. The only way staffing agencies could ensure compliance with this requirement was to obtain wage and benefit data from its client. Obviously, businesses did not want to provide that information. (A court decision struck down the “equivalent benefits” requirement.)

Under the 2024 amendment, a staffing agency can now comply with the pay requirements in two ways.

First, it can match the straight-time hourly rate of a comparator employee who works directly for the client, as before.

Second, they can now determine compensation without the need for comparator data from the client business. Under the amendment, the staffing agency can instead comply with the pay requirements by paying its workers based on Bureau of Labor Statistics data.

The pay requirements do not apply until a temp worker has worked 720 hours at the client business within a 12-month period.

The change to the law means that businesses retaining staffing agencies in Illinois will no longer be required to provide wage and benefits information about its comparator employees. The client, not the staffing agency, gets to choose whether to provide the data and, if the client chooses not to provide it (which I expect will most often be the case), the agency must use the BLS formula.

There are other changes to the law too, including amended benefit requirements, notice requirements, and the right of temp workers to decline to cross a picket line.

Staffing work might not pay great, but laws like the Illinois temp worker law seek to ensure a minimum level of pay for temp workers. The Miami Beach car thief may want to look into steady work like that instead, if he ever gets out of the Corvette.

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09.16.24

by Todd Lebowitz

Try These Steps to Reduce IC Misclassification Risks, in the Long Run

Don Henley used to hurry a lot, he used to worry a lot, he used to stay out till the break of day.

But you don’t need to carry on that way. — at least when it comes to reducing your company’s risk of independent contractor misclassification. Here are four steps you can take that will proactively reduce risk, in the long run:

1. Review & Modify Actual Practices

Courts answer the question of Who Is My Employee? By reviewing the actual facts, not what the parties intend or what the contract says. Make sure the facts on the ground are consistent with economic independence of the contractor and a lack of control by the hiring party. Change the facts when you can.

2.Create a Vendor Qualification Questionnaire

Require vendors to make a set of written representations that support their status as independent contractors. Then rely on this set of representations when deciding whether to retain each contractor. These representations also help to pin down a contractor who later claims to be an employee.

3.Create a Gatekeeper Process

Sometimes contractors are retained by operations people who don’t know the first thing about misclassification and related legal risks. A gatekeeper process requires all retentions of independent contractors to flow through a designated person who can issue-spot and evaluate whether the proposed retention is consistent with independent contractor status. The gatekeeper has the discretion to approve or deny requests to retain a contractor.

4.Draft Customized Contracts

Any independent contractor agreement you find on the internet is pure garbage. Contracts should be customized:

To memorialize the specific facts that support independent contractor status in the relationship
To prohibit the exercise of control by the hiring party over various aspects of the relationship
To impose indemnity obligations and insurance requirements, and
To make it more difficult for a contractor to challenge the independent contractor classification

Taking proactive steps like these can help you to answer this question in the affirmative, when facing an independent contractor classification challenge: Who is gonna make it? We’ll find out, in the long run.

Who Is My Employee?

Exploring Independent Contractor Misclassification & Joint Employment Issues

Author Archives: Todd Lebowitz

Sampling Bias? California’s New Freelancer Law Only Applies to “Professional Services”

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A Car Crash? Trump’s Labor Secretary Pick Supports ABC Test for Worker Classification

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Bad Moon Rising: Another State Cracks Down on Misclassification with $2.7M Due

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For Upcoming Changes to Independent Contractor Rules, Look to Band Names

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Hugs! 7-Eleven Franchisees Are Not Employees, Court Rules

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What Does It Mean? Supreme Court Weighs in on California’s Independent Contractor Law (Sort of)

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Blending In: California Passes Freelancer Protection Law, Joining Other Locales

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Don’t Look Surprised: House Committee Presses DOL for Detail on Misclassification Investigations

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Better Than Stealing a Car: Updates to Illinois Temp Worker Law Should Help Businesses Using Temp Labor

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Try These Steps to Reduce IC Misclassification Risks, in the Long Run

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